Iframe element has non-empty accessible name

  • Rule Type:atomic
  • Rule Id: cae760
  • Last modified: Jan 11, 2022
  • Accessibility Requirements Mapping:
    • 4.1.2 Name, Role, Value (Level A)
      • Learn More about 4.1.2 Name, Role, Value
      • Required for conformance to WCAG 2.0 and later on level A and higher.
      • Outcome mapping:
        • Any failed outcomes: success criterion is not satisfied.
        • All passed outcomes: success criterion needs further testing.
        • An inapplicable outcome: success criterion needs further testing.
  • Input Aspects:

Description

This rule checks that each iframe element has a non-empty accessible name.

Applicability

This rule applies to iframe elements that are included in the accessibility tree and that can be accessed by sequential focus navigation.

Note: frame element is deprecated, this rule does not consider frame or frameset elements.

Expectation

Each target element has an accessible name that is not empty ("").

Assumptions

If an iframe is not perceived by the user as a single control, it does not qualify as a user interface component under WCAG 2. In such a scenario, failing this rule would not fail success criterion 4.1.2. Unless the iframe is both removed from the accessibility tree and removed from sequential focus navigation, they usually are considered to be user interface components.

Accessibility Support

  • Some browsers include iframe elements in the sequential focus navigation. This ensures that the contents of iframe elements can be scrolled and accessed by using the keyboard. When an iframe is removed from the accessibility tree, this rule is still applicable for those browsers, unless the iframe is explicitly removed from sequential focus navigation (by having the tabindex attribute set to a negative value).
  • Browser and assistive technology support for iframe elements is currently inconsistent. Some examples of inconsistencies include (but are not limited to):

    • Assistive technologies being set up to ignore the title attribute, which means that to some users the title attribute will not act as an accessible name,
    • There is a known combination of a popular browser and assistive technology that ignores aria-label and only announces title attribute as an accessible name
    • Some assistive technologies ignore empty iframe elements, regardless of if they are focusable or if they have an accessible name.

Background

Bibliography

Test Cases

Passed

Passed Example 1

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This iframe element gets its accessible name from the title attribute.

<iframe title="Grocery List" src="/test-assets/SC4-1-2-frame-doc.html"> </iframe>

Passed Example 2

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This iframe element gets its accessible name from the aria-label attribute.

<iframe aria-label="Grocery list" src="/test-assets/SC4-1-2-frame-doc.html"> </iframe>

Passed Example 3

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This iframe element gets its accessible name from the content of the div referenced with the aria-labelledby attribute.

<div id="frame-title-helper">Grocery List</div>
<iframe aria-labelledby="frame-title-helper" src="/test-assets/SC4-1-2-frame-doc.html"> </iframe>

Failed

Failed Example 1

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This iframe element has an empty ("") accessible name. The name attribute is not used in computing the accessible name of iframe elements.

<iframe name="Grocery List" src="/test-assets/SC4-1-2-frame-doc.html"> </iframe>

Failed Example 2

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This iframe element has no attributes that would give it a non-empty ("") accessible name.

<iframe src="/test-assets/SC4-1-2-frame-doc.html"> </iframe>

Failed Example 3

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This iframe element has an empty ("") accessible name because the title attribute has an empty string as its value.

<iframe title="" src="/test-assets/SC4-1-2-frame-doc.html"> </iframe>

Failed Example 4

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This iframe element has an empty ("") accessible name because the title attribute value is trimmed of whitespace by the accessible name computation.

Note:: Because iframe elements are part of sequential focus navigation, the explicit semantic role of none will be ignored, due to the Presentational Roles Conflict Resolution.

<iframe title=" " src="/test-assets/SC4-1-2-frame-doc.html" role="none"> </iframe>

Inapplicable

Inapplicable Example 1

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This page has no iframe element.

<button>take me somewhere</button>

Inapplicable Example 2

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This iframe is not included in the accessibility tree because of setting a style of display: none;.

<iframe style="display:none;" src="/test-assets/SC4-1-2-frame-doc.html"></iframe>

Inapplicable Example 3

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This iframe element has a negative tabindex and therefore is not included in the sequential focus navigation.

<iframe tabindex="-1" src="/test-assets/SC4-1-2-frame-doc.html"> </iframe>

Glossary

Accessible Name

The accessible name is the programmatically determined name of a user interface element that is included in the accessibility tree.

The accessible name is calculated using the accessible name and description computation.

For native markup languages, such as HTML and SVG, additional information on how to calculate the accessible name can be found in HTML Accessibility API Mappings 1.0, Accessible Name and Description Computation (working draft) and SVG Accessibility API Mappings, Name and Description (working draft).

For more details, see examples of accessible name.

Note: As per the accessible name and description computation, each element always has an accessible name. When no accessible name is provided, the element will nonetheless be assigned an empty ("") one.

Note: As per the accessible name and description computation, accessible names are flat string trimmed of leading and trailing whitespace. Notably, it is not possible for a non-empty accessible name to be composed only of whitespace since these must be trimmed.

Accessibility Support for Accessible Name

  • Because the accessible name and description computation is not clear about which whitespace are considered, browsers behave differently when trimming and flattening the accessible name. For example, some browsers completely trim non-breaking spaces while some keep them in the accessible name.
  • There exists a popular browser which does not perform the same trimming and flattening depending whether the accessible name comes from content, an aria-label attribute, or an alt attribute.
  • There exists a popular browser which assign no accessible name (null) when none is provided, instead of assigned an empty accessible name ("").
  • The accessible name and description computation suggest that if an aria-labelledby attribute refers to an existing but empty element, the computation should stop and return an empty name without defaulting to the next steps. Several user agents and assistive technologies chose to use the next step in the computation in this case.

Explicit Semantic Role

The explicit semantic role of an element is determined by its role attribute (if any).

The role attribute takes a list of tokens. The explicit semantic role is the first valid role in this list. The valid roles are all non-abstract roles from WAI-ARIA Specifications. If the element has no role attribute, or if it has one with no valid role, then this element has no explicit semantic role.

Other roles may be added as they become available. Not all roles will be supported in all assistive technologies. Testers are encouraged to adjust which roles are allowed according to the accessibility support base line. For the purposes of executing test cases in all rules, it should be assumed that all roles are supported by assistive technologies so that none of the roles fail due to lack of accessibility support.

Accessibility Support for Explicit Semantic Role

Some browsers and assistive technologies treat the tokens of the role attribute as case-sensitive. Unless lowercase letters are used for the value of the role attribute, not all user agents will be able to interpret the tokens correctly. ARIA in HTML (working draft) also specifies that authors must use lowercase letters for the role and aria-* attributes.

Focusable

An element is focusable if one or both of the following are true:

Exception: Elements that lose focus during a period of up to 1 second after gaining focus, without the user interacting with the page the element is on, are not considered focusable.

Notes:

  • The 1 second time span is an arbitrary limit which is not included in WCAG. Given that scripts can manage the focus state of elements, testing the focusability of an element consistently would be impractical without a time limit.
  • The tabindex value of an element is the value of the tabindex attribute parsed using the rules for parsing integers. For the tabindex value to be different from null, it needs to be parsed without errors.

Included in the accessibility tree

Elements included in the accessibility tree of platform specific accessibility APIs are exposed to assistive technologies. This allows users of assistive technology to access the elements in a way that meets the requirements of the individual user.

The general rules for when elements are included in the accessibility tree are defined in the core accessibility API mappings. For native markup languages, such as HTML and SVG, additional rules for when elements are included in the accessibility tree can be found in the HTML accessibility API mappings (working draft) and the SVG accessibility API mappings (working draft).

For more details, see examples of included in the accessibility tree.

Programmatically hidden elements are removed from the accessibility tree. However, some browsers will leave focusable elements with an aria-hidden attribute set to true in the accessibility tree. Because they are hidden, these elements are considered not included in the accessibility tree. This may cause confusion for users of assistive technologies because they may still be able to interact with these focusable elements using sequential keyboard navigation, even though the element should not be included in the accessibility tree.

Outcome

An outcome is a conclusion that comes from evaluating an ACT Rule on a test subject or one of its constituent test target. An outcome can be one of the three following types:

  • Inapplicable: No part of the test subject matches the applicability
  • Passed: A test target meets all expectations
  • Failed: A test target does not meet all expectations

Note: A rule has one passed or failed outcome for every test target. When there are no test targets the rule has one inapplicable outcome. This means that each test subject will have one or more outcomes.

Note: Implementations using the EARL10-Schema can express the outcome with the outcome property. In addition to passed, failed and inapplicable, EARL 1.0 also defined an incomplete outcome. While this cannot be the outcome of an ACT Rule when applied in its entirety, it often happens that rules are only partially evaluated. For example, when applicability was automated, but the expectations have to be evaluated manually. Such "interim" results can be expressed with the incomplete outcome.

Programmatically Hidden

An HTML element is programmatically hidden if either it has a computed CSS property visibility whose value is not visible; or at least one of the following is true for any of its inclusive ancestors in the flat tree:

  • has a computed CSS property display of none; or
  • has an aria-hidden attribute set to true

Note: Contrary to the other conditions, the visibility CSS property may be reverted by descendants.

Note: The HTML standard suggests setting the CSS display property to none for elements with the hidden attribute. While not required by HTML, all modern browsers follow this suggestion. Because of this the hidden attribute is not used in this definition. In browsers that use this suggestion, overriding the CSS display property can reveal elements with the hidden attribute.

Whitespace

Whitespace are characters that have the Unicode "White_Space" property in the Unicode properties list.

This includes:

  • all characters in the Unicode Separator categories, and
  • the following characters in the Other, Control category:

    • Character tabulation (U+0009)
    • Line Feed (LF) (U+000A)
    • Line Tabulation (U+000B)
    • Form Feed (FF) (U+000C)
    • Carriage Return (CR) (U+000D)
    • Next Line (NEL) (U+0085)

Useful Links


Implementations

This section is not part of the official rule. It is populated dynamically and not accounted for in the change history or the last modified date. This section will not be included in the rule when it is published on the W3C website.

ToolConsistencyCompleteReport
SortSiteconsistentNoView Report
Equal Access Accessibility Checkerpartially-consistentYesView Report
QualWebpartially-consistentYesView Report

Acknowledgments

Funding

  • WAI-Tools
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